Factors Associated with Indeterminate and False Negative Results of QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube Test in Active Tuberculosis / 결핵및호흡기질환

BACKGROUND: The sensitivities and specificities of interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) vary among different population studies, and the data on the routine use of IGRAs are limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) test in the diagnosis of active tuberculosis. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study, enrolling 77 patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), at a secondary care teaching hospital in Seoul. RESULTS: In total, 12 (15.6%) patients showed indeterminate results due to positive control failure on the QFT-GIT test. Indeterminate results were significantly associated with the elderly, history of the intensive care unit stay, lymphocytopenia, especially low CD4 count, increased C-reactive protein and decreased protein levels. Of the 77 patients, 44 (57.1%) were diagnosed with active pulmonary tuberculosis, and the percentage of false negative results of the QFT-GIT was 36.4% (vs. 31.8% with TST). In the TB group with >65 years old (n=12), the proportions of the indeterminate (33.3% vs. 3.1%) and the false negative results (58.3% vs. 25.0%) of the QFT-GIT were significantly higher than in the younger TB group (n=32). CONCLUSION: Indeterminate and false negative results of QFT-GIT test were not infrequent in tuberculosis, especially in the elderly. Care should be considered for the interpretation with the elderly, immunocompromised, chronic and severely diseased patients.

Evans syndrome following long-standing Hashimoto's thyroiditis and successful treatment with rituximab / 대한혈액학회지

We report a case of a 51-year-old woman with Evans syndrome (autoimmune hemolytic anemia and primary immune thrombocytopenia) and hypothyroidism. She was previously diagnosed with Hashimoto's thyroiditis in 1994 (age, 35) and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) 3 years ago. She was treated with oral prednisolone. After a period, in which the anemia waxed and waned, there was an abrupt development of thrombocytopenia (nadir 15x10(9)/L) that coincided with the tapering off of prednisolone after 3 years of administration. Because her thrombocytopenia was refractory to prednisolone, we administered rituximab (375 mg/m2 weekly) for 4 weeks. Two weeks after the completion of the rituximab treatment, her platelet count was up to 92x10(9)/L. No intermittent peaking of thyroid stimulating hormone occurred after rituximab treatment was initiated. Evans syndrome and autoimmune thyroiditis might share common pathophysiological mechanisms. This notion supports the use of rituximab in a patient suffering from these disorders.

Clinical Features of Hospitalized Patients with Community Acquired Pneumonia during 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic / 대한구급학회지

BACKGROUND: A new influenza A(H1N1) virus emerged and spread globally in 2009, and the rapid progression of pneumonia often required ICU care. We describe the cause analysis and clinical aspects of community acquired pneumonia during the period of the pandemic H1N1 influenza A. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 48 adult cases of community acquired pneumonia in which patients were admitted to a public health hospital in Seoul from August to November in 2009. The patients had confirmed H1N1 influenza A based on RT-PCR assay. RESULTS: Thirteen cases of the 48 (27.1%) were 2009 H1N1 RT-PCR positive patients and three (6.3%) of these cases were mixed viral and bacterial pneumonia patients. The mean age was younger and the PSI score was lower in H1N1 patients. Chest radiographic findings of ground glass opacity and interstitial marking were remarkable in H1N1 patients. Major complication events with ICU care or death occurred in 23.1% of the H1N1 positive group and 48.6% of the H1N1 negative group (p=0.202). The major complication group of H1N1 patients had a higher PSI score, lower platelet count, higher CRP and higher mixed bacterial co-infection. CONCLUSIONS: If patients were younger and showed a radiologic finding of interstitial marking or ground glass opacity, we could consider H1N1 influenza as the cause of community acquired pneumonia. A high PSI score, thrombocytopenia, increased CRP and bacterial co-infection were predictable factors of major complication.

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome with Chemical Pneumonitis after Aspiration of Activated Charcoal: A Case Report / 대한구급학회지

Charcoal has been commonly used for enteral detoxication although it causes few adverse effects. The major causes of morbidity and mortality secondary to activated charcoal therapy are pulmonary aspiration, gastrointestinal complication, and fluid and electrolyte abnormalities. Aspiration of charcoal is associated with pulmonary compromise due to increased microvascular permeability with concomitant lung edema, surfactant depletion, atelectasis, and obliterative bronchiolitis. Herein we report the case of a patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome with chemical pneumonitis after aspiration of activated charcoal in sorbitol with a review of the related literatures.

The Clinical Implication of MAGE Gene Detection in Bronchial Washing Fluid in Routine Practice / 결핵및호흡기질환

BACKGROUND: Melanoma antigen genes (MAGE) are expressed in many human malignant cells and are silent in normal tissues other than in testis and in placenta. But MAGE expression in benign lung diseases, such as pulmonary tuberculosis or cases with severe inflammation, needs further evaluation to overcome false-positive findings. We evaluated detection rates of the melanoma antigen genes (MAGE) RT-nested PCR in bronchoscopic washing samples from patients with benign lung disease, as well as in patients with malignancies. METHODS: Bronchial washing fluid from 122 patients was used for cytological examination and MAGE gene detection using RT-nested-PCR of common A1-6 mRNA. We compared the results from the RT-nested PCR and the pathologic or bacteriologic diagnosis. We also analyzed the expression rate and false positive rate of MAGE gene. RESULTS: Among 122 subjects, lung cancer was diagnosed in 23 patients and benign lung disease was diagnosed in 99 patients. In patients with lung cancer, the positive rate of MAGE expression was 47.8% (11/23) and in benign lung disease group, the expression rate was 14.1% (14/99). Among benign lung disease group, the expression rate of MAGE gene (25.0%) in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (11/44) was especially high. CONCLUSION: MAGE A1-6 RT-nested PCR of bronchial washing fluid can be used as a complementary method in lung cancer, but that test results in a high false positive rate in tuberculosis patients.

A case of hydrothorax in peritoneal dialysis / 대한내과학회지

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is an effective renal replacement therapy for the end stage renal disease. The hydrothorax secondary to leakage of dialysate via pleuroperitoneal communication is a rare complication of CAPD. A variety of symptoms are complained. The regular chest X-ray and pleural fluid examination are needed to find out this complication with vague symptoms. Although our understanding of its mechanisms is incomplete, it is apparent that the key to successful therapy is obliteration of a transdiaphragmatic route of dialysate leakage (pleuroperitoneal communication). Several treatments of CAPD-induced hydrothorax have included pleurodesis with tetracycline, talc, fibrin, or autologous blood and surgical treatment. We have recently managed with a patient CAPD-induced massive hydrothorax with decreased amount of effluent dialysate volumes using talc pleurodesis. This patient was successfully returned to CAPD.

A Case of Acute Renal Failure Caused by Amphetamine-Associated Rhabdomyolysis / 대한신장학회잡지

Amphetamine toxicity is well known in western countries since several decades ago. Taken in excessive amount, amphetamine causes systemic symptoms such as hyperpyrexia, tachycardia, hyperkinesia, delirium, seizure and circulatory collapse. Acute renal failure following amphetamine ingestion is caused by the direct toxicity of the drug, circulatory collapse, coagulopathy, retroperitoneal hematoma or tubular obstruction by rhabdomyolysis. This is a case of a amphetamine intoxicated 41-year male patient presenting with features of acute renal failure, which is not accompanied by circulatory collapse, nor by coagulopathy. Muscle enzymes and bone scan findings were compatible with nontraumatic muscle injuries, and the renal pathology was tubular necrosis with specific myoglobin casts. Therefore a drug induced rhabdomyolysis causing myoglobinuric tubular injury is highly suspected. The fact that the outcome of the renal disease itself was good despite fatal dosage of this drug is also compatible with myoglobinuric renal failures reported by foreign authors. This is probably the first reported case of acute renal failure caused by amphetamine associated rhabdomyolysis in Korea.

Clinical Study of Potential Embolic Sources in Patients with Ischemic Cerebrovascular Diseases

BACKGROUND: The etiologies of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases are various-thrombosis or artery to artery embolism, cardiogenic embolism and lipohyalinosis. In the past embolic cerebral infarct was thought to occur uncommonly. But these days substantial portion of patients have been found to have potential embolic sources by transesophageal echo cardiography and carotid duplex doppler. As transesophageal echocardiography has a high yield for identification of potential sources of cardiac embolism in patients with ischemic cerbrovascular diseases, its use has been increasing. In Korea an increasing number of patients with ischemic cerebrovascular diseases have been examined by transesophageal echocardiography since 1990. But in all the previous studies transesophageal echocardiographic evaluation has been confined to the patients with high probability of embolic cerebral infarct. All kinds of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases patients have never been examined by transesophageal echocardiography and carotid duplex doppler and the prevalence of potential embolic sources in Korean ischemic cerebrovascular disease patients is not known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of potential cardiovascular embolic sources by transesophageal echocardiography and carotid duplex doppler in unselected patients with ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. METHODS: We evaluated all kinds of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases patients admitted from 1994. 9. 1. until 1995 9. 31. to the Departments of Neurology and Internal Medicine of Kangnam General Hospital. We evaluated them by transesophageal echocardiography, carotid doppler, brain CT(or brain MRI). A significant carotid stenosis was defined as a duplex scandetected lesion producing at least 50% vessel narrowing. The following echocardiographic findings were defined prospectively as potential cardiac sources of embolism : atrial appendage or left atrial cavity thrombus, spontaneous echocardiographic contrast, atrial septal aneurysm, interatrial shunt, ventricular aneurysm, ventricular thrombus, myxomatous mitral valve and protruding atherosclerotic plaque in the ascending aorta or transverse aortic arch. RESULTS: Of 64 patients admitted during the study period, 30 were excluded(Three patients were critically ill, and twenty seven patients refused diagnostic work-up.). Thorough diagnostic work-up was performed in 34 patients. Transesophageal echocardiographic positive findings were present in six patients(17.6%). Of them four(4/34, 11.7%) had spontaneous echo contrast, two(2/34, 5.8%) had left atrial thrombi, one(1/34, 2.9%) had ascending aorta atheroma. Eleven patients(11/34, 32.3%) had abnormalities in carotid doppler study. Five patients(5/34, 14.7%) had abnormalities both in transesophageal echocardiography and carotid doppler study. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that among ischemic cerebrovascular diseases patients substantial portion of patients have potential embolic sources. The prevalence of potential embolic sources in Korea may be higher than previously expected. Because the relative small number of the patients studied make it difficult to generalize the results, further studies with a large number of patients are needed.

Determinants of Left Ventricular Mass in Healthy Adults : A Study Using Echocardiography and 24 Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring

BACKGROUND: Echocardiographically detected left ventricular(LV) hypertrophy is a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. A better understanding of the determinants of LV mass may aid in strategies directed toward the promary and secondary prevention of LV hypertrophy and its consequences. Previous studies have reported that male gender, arterial blood pressure(BP), obesity, age, aortic valvular stenosis, dietary sodium, endocrine factors, and physical activity are positively correlated with LV mass. Of these determinants male gender, hypertension, and obesity are well known but age and blood pressure in healthy adults are controversial. To assess the determinants of LV mass, the relation of 2-dimensional(2D) echocardiographically determined LV mass to body mass inedx(BMI), age, sex, casual BP, and 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure(ABP : systolic, diastolic, and mean BP of 24 hour, day-time, and night-time) was examined in healthy adults. METHODS: The study population consisted of 200 healthy adults who were normotensive, nonobese, and had no evidence of cardiovascular disease(range in age from 20 to 69 years, five decades, 20 men and 20 women per each decade). LV mass was derived from area length method measurements obtained by 2D echocardiography and corrected for height. ABP monitoring was performend over 24 hour(divided into day-time(6am-10pm) and night-time(10pm-6am)periods) with 30 minute inervals. RESULTS: 1) BMI was significantly and independently related to LV mass corrected for height (p<0.001, partial R2=0.31 in men and 0.43 in women). An increase of BMI by 1 kg/m2increased LV mass corrected for height by 1.9g/m in men and 2.0g/m in women. 2) Age was significantly and independently related to LV mass corrected for height(p<0.001, partial R2=0.15 in men and 0.17 in women). The increments of Lv mass corrected for height per decade were 2.1 g/m in men and 3.4 g/m in women. 3) Gender was significantly and independently related to LV mass corrected for height(p<0.001, partial R2=0.12), which was greater in men than in women by 6.34g/m. 4) Casual Bp and 24 hour ABP were not significantly associated with LV mass corrected for height in total population and women, and 24 hour systolic BP was significantly related to LV mass corrected for height only in men(p<0.001) with weak partial R2(0.05). CONCLUSION: BMI, age, and male gender were statistically significant and independent correlates of LV mass corrected for height(p<0.001). Maintenance of ideal body weight and normal BP, weight reduction in obese persons and BP control inhypertensive patients may contribute to the primary and secondary prevention of LV hypertrophy and its sequalae.

The 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Normotensive Korean Adults

BACKGROUND: Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure(ABP) monitoring has become increasingly popular for diagnosing and treating hypertension. Therefore the reference value of normotensive subjects was necessary for interpretation of hypertensive subjects. Several studies were reported on reference values in normotensive subjects. The purpose of this study was to determine 24-hour ABP in normotensive Korean adults stratified for sex and five age groups. This study also assessed ABP in relation to a family history of hypertension, smoking and body mass index(BMI). METHODS: ABP monitoring was performed in 200 healthy normotensive volunteers(ranged in age from 20 to 69 years, five decades, 20 men and 20 women per each decade), over 24 hours, taking measurement at 30-min intervals. The 24-hour interval was divided into day-time(6am-10pm) and night-time(100pm-6am) periods. Mean ABP and pressure loads(percentage of systolic readings>140mmHg, diastolic readings>90mmHg) were obtained. RESULTS: The mean ABP in 200 subjects was 113+/-8.6/72+/-6.9mmHg over 24 hours, 117+/-9.7/75+/-7.0mmHg during day-time, and 106+/-9.8/67+/-8.3mmHg at night-time, and pressure loadd averaged 5.1+/-7.4/7.9+/-8.9% over 24 hours. The +2 standard deviation(SD) as the upper limit of normal was 130/86mmHg over 24 hours in 200 subjects. The mean ABP and pressure load were 116+/-7.6/74+/-7.6mmHg and 6.4+/-8.3/10.1+/-10.2% in 100 subjects of men, and 110+/-8.3+/-70+/-6.6mmHg, 3.7+/-6.0/5.7+/-6.8% in women. Mean ABP and pressure load showed significant difference in relation to age group and sex, however, no significant difference in relation to a family history of hypertension or smoking. In relation to BMI group, diastolic blood pressure and diastolic pressure load were significantly different.

Left Atrial Spontaneous Echo Contrast and Thrombus in Nonrheumatic Atrial Fibrillation

BACKGROUND: Nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation is common in elderly and associated with an increased risk for thromboembolism. Left atrial spontaneous echo contrast(SEC) and thrombus. which are easily detected by transesophageal echocardiography(TEE) in patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease and atrial fibrillation, have been known as markers of thromboembolism. However, most of the previous studies on left atrial SEC and thrombus were performed in rheumatic mitral valve disease or various conditions including rheumatic mitral valve disease. Therefore this study was underaken in order to investigatd 1) the prevalence of left atrial SEC and thrombus, and 2) clinical and echocardiographic variables related to left atrial SEC and thrombus in nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. METHODS: In patients with estabished atrial fibrillation over 7 days, we examined the clinical gistory and performed transthoracic echocardiography(TTE) and TEE simultaneously. Enlisted patients were those without rheumatic mitral valve disease, prosthetic valves, previous thromboembolism, and recent anticoagulant therapy. RESULTS: 1) Left atrial SEC was detected in 32(62.7%) of 51 patients and left atrial thrombus in 10(19.6%). All thrombi were located in the left atrial appendage. 2) In univariate analysis, SEC positive group showed higher prevalence of congestive heart failure(CHF)(56.3% vs 0%, p<0.001), lower ejection fraction(42.2+/-14.1% vs 50.8+/-9.7%, p<0.05), lower left atrial appendage blood flow velocity(peak positive flow velocity ; 18.7+/-11.1cm/sec vs 32+/-12.4cm/sec, p<0.01, and peak negative flow velocity ; 21.4+/-12.4cm/sec vs 31.9+/-12.8cm/sec, p<0.01) than SEC negative group. Multivariate analysis identifed CHF as an independent variable related to left atrial SEC(p=0.02, Odds ratio ; 2.38, 95% CI ; 1.18-4.82). 3) In univariate analysis. left atrial thrombus positive group showed higher prevalence of CHF(70% vs 26.8%, p<0.05), larger left atrial demension(34+/-3.4mm/m2 vs 30.6+/-4.6mm/m2, p<0.05) than thrombus negative group. Multivariate analysis identifed CHF as an independent variable related to left atrial thrombus(p=0.04, Odds ratio ; 4.30, 95% CI ; 1.11-16.68). 4) Left atrial thrombus is more frequent in SEC positive group than in SEC negative group(28.1% vs 5.3%), however, there was no statistical significance(p=0.07). CONCLUSION: 1) Left atrial SEC is common in nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation and significantly related to CHF. 2) Left atrial thrombus is frequently detected in SEC positive patients, however, it is more realted to CHF than left atrial SEC itself.

Distribution of the muscarinic receptors and characterization in the brain of wistar rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR strain) by digital autoradiography / 대한핵의학회잡지

No abstract available.

Comparison of Right Internal Jugular or Subclavian Pressure and Central Venous Pressure during Anethesia / 대한마취과학회지

The internal jugular and subclavian veins are considered as satisfactory intravenous routes for rapid blood and fluid replacement. To determine whether these venous pressures can be used as reliable guides for central venous pressure monitoring, simultaneous measurements of the Rt. internal jugular venous pressure and central venous pressure (CVP), or Rt. subclavian venous pressure and CVP using long 14 gauge catheter were made in 20 patients undergoing cardiac anesthesia. The results were as follows: l. Each mean value of the Rt. internal jugular venous pressure and CVP was 10.64+/-5.43 cm H2O and 10.05+/-5.55cm H2O (Mean+/-SD) respectively in first 10 patients. Pressure difference was 0.59+/-0.39cm H2O (p<0.005). 2. Each mean value of the Rt. subclavian venous pressure and VP was 7.77+/-3.37 cm H 0 and 7.05+/-3.49cm H2O (Mean+/-SD) respectively in second 10 patients. Pressure difference was 0.73+/-0.59cm H2O (p<0.005). 3. There were significant correlations between Rt. internal jugular venous pressure and CVP (r=0. 99, p<0.005) as well as between Rt. subclavian venous pressure and CVP (r=0.98, p<0.005). The results suggest that Rt. internal jugular or subclavian vein catheterized with short intravenous catheter during Anesthesia can be used as effective and reliable guides for CVP monitoring because pressure differences with CVP were small and consistant.